Wouldn't any impact large enough to shatter the planet also generate enough heat to melt the fragments?
If some superscience/magic somehow kept the fragment solid and at a liveable temperature and kept the air from bleeding away, I think the acceleration would probably not be survivable, but I'm not really sure. To get the whole Death Star thing, you need to impart enough kinetic energy to all the fragments to get them up to escape velocity; otherwise, their own gravity will pull them back together and they'll just reform. Escape velocity on Earth is 11.2 km/sec. If a fragment is accelerated to that speed in 1 sec, that works out to 1,142 G's. The highest survivable G-force I found in a few minutes of Googling is 100 G's. So this is probably not survivable even if the atmosphere and temperature issues are handwaved away. But if you have magic capable of dealing with those problems, it probably wouldn't have any trouble keeping the survivors from being squished to a thin film of putty too, so...